Videos to Recommend

Short review of immunity, antigens and antibodies Updated for 2024

- by CMCL - 22 Comments.

Updated: March 18, 2024

source

Related Posts

Korean Street Food – NETFLIX SEOUL – I Ate Everything From the Episode! | Gwangjang Market!

Ispovest Doktora medicine | Milorad Stefanović PRVI DEO

Secret Drink to eliminate & cure Knee Joint Pain – Healthy Natural Remedy

About CMCL

View all posts by CMCL →

22 Comments on “Short review of immunity, antigens and antibodies Updated for 2024”

  1. What about Memory T-Cells. I gather from various YTers that antibodies are short lived in out blood. But Memory T-Cells remain for years and know how to create antibodies. So even if all antibodies are gone we can re-create them quickly if we have the Memory T-Cells for the needed antibody. Is this correct? Can we test for Memory T-Cells for Covid19?

  2. Immunity is above all a natural process where the new born acquire natural protection if his immune system is not altered by all the garbage on food, air and vaccines.

  5. https://forums.studentdoctor.net/threads/do-antibodies-remain-in-the-blood-after-the-pathogen-is-gone.1071622/

    If I recall correctly from my Immunology Class, Naive B Cells become 'activated' when it recognizes a pathogen (it's antigen), and it undergoes proliferation and differentiation in the lymph nodes to form Memory B Cells and Plasma B Cells. The Plasma B Cells exit to various parts of the body to deal with the pathogen by secreting antibodies and these antibodies deal with the pathogen by different means: opsonization/phagocytosis, complement, etc.

    naive B cells generally last 3 weeks. If they aren't activated they die.
    plasma cells (activated naive B cells), last an approx 3-4 weeks (not 100% sure of range) and continue to secrete antibodies during that period.

    But the antibodies they secrete, depending on which the type, can last anywhere between a few weeks to a few months. The antibodies themselves though (which are proteins) definitely don't last forever (like all proteins). Eventually certain suppressor cells kill off plasma cells after the response has taken its course, and all that remains are a few memory cells, which are reactivated again should the pathogen invade the body in the future. These memory cells are the reason why the second and later response are always much faster because the initial response.

    Also, unlike naive B cells which don't last more than a few weeks, naive T cells last a long freakin time and the reason for this is because of the involution of our thymus through adulthood. T cells are essential to activating B cells and without them, we'd definitely be in an immune suppressed state.

  6. @Dr.JohnCampbell: MY QUESTION IS ABOUT ANTI-BODY SEROLOGY TESTS: An interesting question to me is how long will there be sufficient amounts of antibodies present in the blood serum to be detected by an accurate test? If you had the symptoms of Covid-19 and have recovered and are doing the serology IgG test, say, maybe two months afterwards, when perhaps the antibodies are gone, but then there are the memory cells still left in the bone marrow, which could produce antibodies to provide you lasting immunity in case you contract SARS-CoV-2 again… then they would not be able to detect antibodies, yet you would be immune, isn't that right? So is there some kind of memory cell test available? What's your thoughts on this? Thank you.

  9. I'm sharing your videos here in the Philippines. It's like learning Biology (Virology for specialist) all over again, and that's for free, so you deserve it, doc!

  10. I have a question! If anyone who knows the knowledge would you do me a favour and share your knowledge with me? 🙂

    What is the word mean that, "the arms of antibody is designed to grab on epitoms of antigen?"

    1. There are millions of different antigens in the world.
    2. and they have trillions of different kinds of epitom Protein types.

    3. But some antibodies are only able to grab on specific epitom protein type for each.

    Conclusion,
    Then there are trillions "TYPE" of antibodies in our body, whole readied from the birth to eliminate all those antigens in the world??
    🤔

  11. I fully understand the principle of herd immunity but have some concerns about pursuing it along the lines of the strategies you are discussing which it is freely acknowledged, involves lifting the lock-down when even if done in stages, means more people will die.
    These people will be the elderly, vulnerable, disabled and those with underlying health conditions and it appears disproportionately make and BAME individuals. These people will not have the opportunity to consent to being increasingly exposed to the virus. Additionally because so many of them also require personal care means ongoing exposure to those who care for them and who may be more exposed to the virus yet be asymptomatic.
    Secondly and more concerning the data on Care Home deaths that are now emerging clearly demonstrate that no Government has been able to adequately shield any of these vulnerable groups, so not only are they at increasing risk but this risk is not being effectively mitigated. They are therefore very much on the front killing line of any actions designed to establish a herd immunity.
    Thirdly, I am not aware of any scientific studies that as yet provide reliable data on how effective and under what conditions, COVID-19 antibodies in the blood are in preventing any further infection. Surely we must wait for such data to emerge before even attempting to allow the virus to spread through more of the population.
    Herd immunity does not stop the virus, it simply makes it more difficult for it to spread to those who are not immune. A vaccine however when one becomes available will be able to specifically target immunity to those most at risk.
    Finally, little is said about identifying a treatment/medicine which can ameliorate or prevent the more serious consequences of the virus on a person who becomes infected. A number of trials are currently in progress using existing drugs and results are likely to be known before an effective vaccine is available.
    Even a medication that could prevent death would be a real breakthrough and could then allow the herd immunity "experiment" to proceed.
    As you say, politicians have to take many other factors into account which may require a lifting of the lock-down despite some of the risks – in order to avoid other risks (e.g. economic, social unrest) which could in turn also lead to early deaths. However, their focus should be on ensuring that effective mitigations are in place for the most vulnerable, whatever category they are in.before doing so.

  12. question: if an antibody test is conducted and the person has a larger than normal number of them how do they know they are attacking the COVID antigen and not something else? 🙂

  15. I'm confused. Those who have the infection and may dye, don't they also have antibodies? So, what does a test testing for? the antigen alone or the antigen if the antibody is detected? Not getting it.

  16. 1:22  TERMS:
                 1:24 "Antigen"
                 1:47 "Proteins"
                 2:03 Foreign proteins: "Epitopes"
                 2:14 "Infection"

    3:13  THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO INFECTION:
                 3:23 White blood cell: B-lymphocyte
                 3:54 Clonal expansion
                 4:29 Plasma cells produce Antibodies
                 4:49 Cellular immunity – Antibody mechanism
                 5:12 Binding
                 6:31 Clumping
                 6:52 Monocyte (a type of Phagocyte) engulfing
                 7:18 “Specialised units within the immune cell will digest the clumps":
                 7:31 Lysosomes which release:
                 7:34 Lysozyme (enzyme)

    8:00 TESTING:
                 8:09 Antigen
                 8:33 Antibody
                 8:44 Phagocytes

  17. Dear Dr. It occurs to me that one way of making vaccines that I don't know if it's being used or not, would be to take a person's blood, put the virus in the blood outside the body so that their lymphocytes create antibodies, and then remove the virus from that blood and put it back in that person’s body, with the lymphocyte alerted and the antibodies created.

  18. Hi Dr Campbell, Thanks for the immunology 101 teachings. Could you just explain the reasons why blood type AB persons are considered as Asymptomatic superspreaders?

  21. FYI –
    https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/14/health/coronavirus-antibody-tests-scientists/index.html

    Summary at end of article
    1. Antibody testing is not guaranteed effective. Specifically, Covid-19 is similar enough to viral common cold that tests often can't tell them apart, so will report false positive, leading the person to believe he has immunity when not the case.

    2. In the flood of recently created tests some are likely good but at this time it's very difficult to know which they are vs all the others which aren't.

    3. Perhaps most important of all, there has not been any verification that having antibodies actually prevents the person from becoming re-infected. Until proven, it's only theory.

Comments are closed.